COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING DECISION (EU) 2019/2031
of 12 November 2019
establishing best available techniques (BAT) conclusions for the food, drink and milk industries, under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council
(notified under document C(2019) 7989)
(Text with EEA relevance)
Article 1
Article 2
ANNEX
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES (BAT) CONCLUSIONS FOR THE FOOD, DRINK AND MILK INDUSTRIES
SCOPE
DEFINITIONS
Term used |
Definition |
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Biochemical oxygen demand (BODn) |
Amount of oxygen needed for the biochemical oxidation of the organic matter to carbon dioxide in n days (n is typically 5 or 7). BOD is an indicator for the mass concentration of biodegradable organic compounds. |
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Channelled emissions |
Emissions of pollutants into the environment through any kind of duct, pipe, stack, etc. |
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Chemical oxygen demand (COD) |
Amount of oxygen needed for the total chemical oxidation of the organic matter to carbon dioxide using dichromate. COD is an indicator for the mass concentration of organic compounds. |
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Dust |
Total particulate matter (in air). |
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Existing plant |
A plant that is not a new plant. |
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Hexane |
Alkane of six carbon atoms, with the chemical formula C6H14. |
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hl |
Hectolitre (equal to 100 litres). |
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New plant |
A plant first permitted at the site of the installation following the publication of these BAT conclusions or a complete replacement of a plant following the publication of these BAT conclusions. |
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NOX |
The sum of nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), expressed as NO2. |
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Residue |
Substance or object generated by the activities covered by the scope of this document, as waste or by-product. |
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SOX |
The sum of sulphur dioxide (SO2), sulphur trioxide (SO3), and sulphuric acid aerosols, expressed as SO2. |
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Sensitive receptor |
Areas which need special protection, such as:
|
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Total nitrogen (TN) |
Total nitrogen, expressed as N, includes free ammonia and ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N), nitrite nitrogen (NO2-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) and organically bound nitrogen. |
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Total organic carbon (TOC) |
Total organic carbon, expressed as C (in water), includes all organic compounds. |
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Total phosphorus (TP) |
Total phosphorus, expressed as P, includes all inorganic and organic phosphorus compounds, dissolved or bound to particles. |
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Total suspended solids (TSS) |
Mass concentration of all suspended solids (in water), measured via filtration through glass fibre filters and gravimetry. |
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Total volatile organic carbon (TVOC) |
Total volatile organic carbon, expressed as C (in air). |
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Best Available Techniques
Emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) for emissions to air
Averaging period |
Definition |
Average over the sampling period |
Average value of three consecutive measurements of at least 30 minutes each (3). |
Specific hexane losses
where: |
hexane losses is the total amount of hexane consumed by the installation for each type of seeds or beans, expressed in kg/year; raw materials is the total amount of each type of cleaned seeds or beans processed, expressed in tonnes/year. |
Emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) for emissions to water
Other environmental performance levels
Specific waste water discharge
where: |
Waste water discharge is the total amount of waste water discharged (as direct discharge, indirect discharge and/or land spreading) by the specific processes concerned during the production period, expressed in m3/year, excluding any cooling water and run-off water that is discharged separately. Activity rate is the total amount of products or raw materials processed, depending on the specific sector, expressed in tonnes/year or hl/year. Packaging is not included in the weight of the product. Raw material is any material entering the plant, treated or processed for the production of food or feed. |
Specific energy consumption
where: |
Final energy consumption is the total amount of energy consumed by the specific processes concerned during the production period (in the form of heat and electricity), expressed in MWh/year. Activity rate is the total amount of products or raw materials processed, depending on the specific sector, expressed in tonnes/year or hl/year. Packaging is not included in the weight of the product. Raw material is any material entering the plant, treated or processed for the production of food or feed. |
1. GENERAL BAT CONCLUSIONS
1.1.
Environmental management systems
Note
Applicability
Applicability
1.2.
Monitoring
Substance/parameter |
Standard(s) |
Minimum monitoring frequency (5) |
Monitoring associated with |
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) (6) (7) |
No EN standard available |
Once every day (8) |
BAT 12 |
Total nitrogen (TN) (6) |
Various EN standards available (e.g. EN 12260, EN ISO 11905-1) |
||
Total organic carbon (TOC) (6) (7) |
EN 1484 |
||
Total phosphorus (TP) (6) |
Various EN standards available (e.g. EN ISO 6878, EN ISO 15681-1 and -2, EN ISO 11885) |
||
Total suspended solids (TSS) (6) |
EN 872 |
||
Biochemical oxygen demand (BODn) (6) |
EN 1899-1 |
Once every month |
|
Chloride (Cl-) |
Various EN standards available (e.g. EN ISO 10304-1, EN ISO 15682) |
Once every month |
— |
Substance/Parameter |
Sector |
Specific process |
Standard(s) |
Minimum monitoring frequency (9) |
Monitoring associated with |
Dust |
Animal feed |
Drying of green fodder |
EN 13284-1 |
Once every three months (10) |
BAT 17 |
Grinding and pellet cooling in compound feed manufacture |
Once every year |
BAT 17 |
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Extrusion of dry pet food |
Once every year |
BAT 17 |
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Brewing |
Handling and processing of malt and adjuncts |
Once every year |
BAT 20 |
||
Dairies |
Drying processes |
Once every year |
BAT 23 |
||
Grain milling |
Grain cleaning and milling |
Once every year |
BAT 28 |
||
Oilseed processing and vegetable oil refining |
Handling and preparation of seeds, drying and cooling of meal |
Once every year |
BAT 31 |
||
Starch production |
Drying of starch, protein and fibre |
BAT 34 |
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Sugar manufacturing |
Drying of beet pulp |
Once every month (10) |
BAT 36 |
||
PM2.5 and PM10 |
Sugar manufacturing |
Drying of beet pulp |
EN ISO 23210 |
Once every year |
BAT 36 |
TVOC |
Fish and shellfish processing |
Smoke chambers |
EN 12619 |
Once every year |
BAT 26 |
Meat processing |
Smoke chambers |
BAT 29 |
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Oilseed processing and vegetable oil refining (11) |
— |
— |
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Sugar manufacturing |
High-temperature drying of beet pulp |
Once every year |
— |
||
NOX |
Meat processing (12) |
Smoke chambers |
EN 14792 |
Once every year |
— |
Sugar manufacturing |
High-temperature drying of beet pulp |
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CO |
Meat processing (12) |
Smoke chambers |
EN 15058 |
||
Sugar manufacturing |
High-temperature drying of beet pulp |
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SOX |
Sugar manufacturing |
Drying of beet pulp when natural gas is not used |
EN 14791 |
Twice every year (10) |
BAT 37 |
1.3.
Energy efficiency
Technique |
Description |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(a) |
Energy efficiency plan |
An energy efficiency plan, as part of the environmental management system (see BAT 1), entails defining and calculating the specific energy consumption of the activity (or activities), setting key performance indicators on an annual basis (for example for the specific energy consumption) and planning periodic improvement targets and related actions. The plan is adapted to the specificities of the installation. |
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(b) |
Use of common techniques |
Common techniques include techniques such as:
|
1.4.
Water consumption and waste water discharge
Technique |
Description |
Applicability |
|
Common techniques |
|||
(a) |
Water recycling and/or reuse |
Recycling and/or reuse of water streams (preceded or not by water treatment), e.g. for cleaning, washing, cooling or for the process itself. |
May not be applicable due to hygiene and food safety requirements. |
(b) |
Optimisation of water flow |
Use of control devices, e.g. photocells, flow valves, thermostatic valves, to automatically adjust the water flow. |
|
(c) |
Optimisation of water nozzles and hoses |
Use of correct number and position of nozzles; adjustment of water pressure. |
|
(d) |
Segregation of water streams |
Water streams that do not need treatment (e.g. uncontaminated cooling water or uncontaminated run-off water) are segregated from waste water that has to undergo treatment, thus enabling uncontaminated water recycling. |
The segregation of uncontaminated rainwater may not be applicable in the case of existing waste water collection systems. |
Techniques related to cleaning operations |
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(e) |
Dry cleaning |
Removal of as much residual material as possible from raw materials and equipment before they are cleaned with liquids, e.g. by using compressed air, vacuum systems or catchpots with a mesh cover. |
Generally applicable. |
(f) |
Pigging system for pipes |
Use of a system made of launchers, catchers, compressed air equipment, and a projectile (also referred to as a ‘pig’, e.g. made of plastic or ice slurry) to clean out pipes. In-line valves are in place to allow the pig to pass through the pipeline system and to separate the product and the rinsing water. |
|
(g) |
High-pressure cleaning |
Spraying of water onto the surface to be cleaned at pressures ranging from 15 bar to 150 bar. |
May not be applicable due to health and safety requirements. |
(h) |
Optimisation of chemical dosing and water use in cleaning-in-place (CIP) |
Optimising the design of CIP and measuring turbidity, conductivity, temperature and/or pH to dose hot water and chemicals in optimised quantities. |
Generally applicable. |
(i) |
Low-pressure foam and/or gel cleaning |
Use of low-pressure foam and/or gel to clean walls, floors and/or equipment surfaces. |
|
(j) |
Optimised design and construction of equipment and process areas |
The equipment and process areas are designed and constructed in a way that facilitates cleaning. When optimising the design and construction, hygiene requirements are taken into account. |
|
(k) |
Cleaning of equipment as soon as possible |
Cleaning is applied as soon as possible after use of equipment to prevent wastes hardening. |
1.5.
Harmful substances
Technique |
Description |
|
(a) |
Proper selection of cleaning chemicals and/or disinfectants |
Avoidance or minimisation of the use of cleaning chemicals and/or disinfectants that are harmful to the aquatic environment, in particular priority substances considered under the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council(13) When selecting the substances, hygiene and food safety requirements are taken into account. |
(b) |
Reuse of cleaning chemicals in cleaning-in-place (CIP) |
Collection and reuse of cleaning chemicals in CIP. When reusing cleaning chemicals, hygiene and food safety requirements are taken into account. |
(c) |
Dry cleaning |
See BAT 7e. |
(d) |
Optimised design and construction of equipment and process areas |
See BAT 7j. |
Description
1.6.
Resource efficiency
Technique |
Description |
Applicability |
|
(a) |
Anaerobic digestion |
Treatment of biodegradable residues by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen, resulting in biogas and digestate. The biogas is used as a fuel, e.g. in a gas engine or in a boiler. The digestate may be used, e.g. as a soil improver. |
May not be applicable due to the quantity and/or nature of the residues. |
(b) |
Use of residues |
Residues are used, e.g. as animal feed. |
May not be applicable due to legal requirements. |
(c) |
Separation of residues |
Separation of residues, e.g. using accurately positioned splash protectors, screens, flaps, catchpots, drip trays and troughs. |
Generally applicable. |
(d) |
Recovery and reuse of residues from the pasteuriser |
Residues from the pasteuriser are fed back to the blending unit and are thereby reused as raw materials. |
Only applicable to liquid food products. |
(e) |
Phosphorus recovery as struvite |
See BAT 12g. |
Only applicable to waste water streams with a high total phosphorus content (e.g. above 50 mg/l) and a significant flow. |
(f) |
Use of waste water for land spreading |
After appropriate treatment, waste water is used for land spreading in order to take advantage of the nutrient content and/or to use the water. |
Only applicable in the case of a proven agronomic benefit, a proven low level of contamination and no negative impact on the environment (e.g. on the soil, the groundwater and surface water). The applicability may be restricted due to the limited availability of suitable land adjacent to the installation. The applicability may be restricted by the soil and local climatic conditions (e.g. in the case of wet or frozen fields) or by legislation. |
1.7.
Emissions to water
Description
Applicability
|
Technique (14) |
Typical pollutants targeted |
Applicability |
Preliminary, primary and general treatment |
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(a) |
Equalisation |
All pollutants |
Generally applicable. |
(b) |
Neutralisation |
Acids, alkalis |
|
(c) |
Physical separation, e.g. screens, sieves, grit separators, oil/fat separators, or primary settlement tanks |
Gross solids, suspended solids, oil/grease |
|
Aerobic and/or anaerobic treatment (secondary treatment) |
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(d) |
Aerobic and/or anaerobic treatment (secondary treatment), e.g. activated sludge process, aerobic lagoon, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process, anaerobic contact process, membrane bioreactor |
Biodegradable organic compounds |
Generally applicable. |
Nitrogen removal |
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(e) |
Nitrification and/or denitrification |
Total nitrogen, ammonium/ammonia |
Nitrification may not be applicable in the case of high chloride concentrations (e.g. above 10 g/l). Nitrification may not be applicable when the temperature of the waste water is low (e.g. below 12 °C). |
(f) |
Partial nitritation — Anaerobic ammonium oxidation |
May not be applicable when the temperature of the waste water is low. |
|
Phosphorus recovery and/or removal |
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(g) |
Phosphorus recovery as struvite |
Total phosphorus |
Only applicable to waste water streams with a high total phosphorus content (e.g. above 50 mg/l) and a significant flow. |
(h) |
Precipitation |
Generally applicable. |
|
(i) |
Enhanced biological phosphorus removal |
||
Final solids removal |
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(j) |
Coagulation and flocculation |
Suspended solids |
Generally applicable. |
(k) |
Sedimentation |
||
(l) |
Filtration (e.g. sand filtration, microfiltration, ultrafiltration) |
||
(m) |
Flotation |
Parameter |
BAT-AEL (15) (16) (daily average) |
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) (17) (18) |
25-100 mg/l (19) |
Total suspended solids (TSS) |
4-50 mg/l (20) |
Total nitrogen (TN) |
2-20 mg/l (21) (22) |
Total phosphorus (TP) |
0,2-2 mg/l (23) |
1.8.
Noise
Applicability
Technique |
Description |
Applicability |
|||||||||||
(a) |
Appropriate location of equipment and buildings |
Noise levels can be reduced by increasing the distance between the emitter and the receiver, by using buildings as noise screens and by relocating buildings’ exits or entrances. |
For existing plants, the relocation of equipment and buildings’ exits or entrances may not be applicable due to lack of space and/or excessive costs. |
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(b) |
Operational measures |
These include:
|
Generally applicable. |
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(c) |
Low-noise equipment |
This includes low-noise compressors, pumps and fans. |
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(d) |
Noise control equipment |
This includes:
|
May not be applicable to existing plants due to lack of space. |
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(e) |
Noise abatement |
Inserting obstacles between emitters and receivers (e.g. protection walls, embankments and buildings). |
Applicable only to existing plants, as the design of new plants should make this technique unnecessary. For existing plants, the insertion of obstacles may not be applicable due to lack of space. |
1.9.
Odour
Applicability
2. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR ANIMAL FEED
2.1.
Energy efficiency
2.1.1.
Compound feed/Pet food
Product |
Unit |
Specific energy consumption (yearly average) |
Compound feed |
MWh/tonne of products |
0,01-0,10(24) (25) (26) |
Dry pet food |
0,39-0,50 |
|
Wet pet food |
0,33-0,85 |
2.1.2.
Green fodder
Technique |
Description |
Applicability |
|
(a) |
Use of predried fodder |
Use of fodder that has been predried (e.g. by flat pre-wilting). |
Not applicable in the case of the wet process. |
(b) |
Recycling of waste gas from the dryer |
Injection of the waste gas from the cyclone into the burner of the dryer. |
Generally applicable. |
(c) |
Use of waste heat for predrying |
The heat of the outlet steam from the high-temperature dryers is used for predrying part or all of the green fodder. |
2.2.
Water consumption and waste water discharge
Product |
Unit |
Specific waste water discharge (yearly average) |
Wet pet food |
m3/tonne of products |
1.3-2.4 |
2.3.
Emissions to air
Technique |
Description |
Applicability |
|
a |
Bag filter |
See Section 14.2. |
May not be applicable to the abatement of sticky dust. |
b |
Cyclone |
Generally applicable. |
Parameter |
Specific process |
Unit |
BAT-AEL (average over the sampling period) |
|
New plants |
Existing plants |
|||
Dust |
Grinding |
mg/Nm3 |
< 2-5 |
< 2-10 |
Pellet cooling |
< 2-20 |
3. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR BREWING
3.1.
Energy efficiency
Technique |
Description |
Applicability |
|
(a) |
Mashing-in at higher temperatures |
The mashing-in of the grain is carried out at temperatures of approximately 60 °C, which reduces the use of cold water. |
May not be applicable due to the product specifications. |
(b) |
Decrease of the evaporation rate during wort boiling |
The evaporation rate can be reduced from 10 % down to approximately 4 % per hour (e.g. by two-phase boiling systems, dynamic low-pressure boiling). |
|
(c) |
Increase of the degree of high-gravity brewing |
Production of concentrated wort, which reduces its volume and thereby saves energy. |
Unit |
Specific energy consumption (yearly average) |
MWh/hl of products |
0,02-0,05 |
3.2.
Water consumption and waste water discharge
Unit |
Specific waste water discharge (yearly average) |
m3/hl of products |
0,15-0,50 |
3.3.
Waste
Technique |
Description |
|
(a) |
Recovery and (re)use of yeast after fermentation |
After fermentation, yeast is collected and can be partially reused in the fermentation process and/or may be further used for multiple purposes, e.g. as animal feed, in the pharmaceutical industry, as a food ingredient, in an anaerobic waste water treatment plant for biogas production. |
(b) |
Recovery and (re)use of natural filter material |
After chemical, enzymatic or thermal treatment, natural filter material (e.g. diatomaceous earth) may be partially reused in the filtration process. Natural filter material can also be used, e.g. as a soil improver. |
3.4.
Emissions to air
Description
Parameter |
Unit |
BAT-AEL (average over the sampling period) |
|
New plants |
Existing plants |
||
Dust |
mg/Nm3 |
< 2-5 |
< 2-10 |
4. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR DAIRIES
4.1.
Energy efficiency
Technique |
Description |
|
(a) |
Partial milk homogenisation |
The cream is homogenised together with a small proportion of skimmed milk. The size of the homogeniser can be significantly reduced, leading to energy savings. |
(b) |
Energy-efficient homogeniser |
The homogeniser’s working pressure is reduced through optimised design and thus the associated electrical energy needed to drive the system is also reduced. |
(c) |
Use of continuous pasteurisers |
Flow-through heat exchangers are used (e.g. tubular, plate and frame). The pasteurisation time is much shorter than that of batch systems. |
(d) |
Regenerative heat exchange in pasteurisation |
The incoming milk is preheated by the hot milk leaving the pasteurisation section. |
(e) |
Ultra-high-temperature (UHT) processing of milk without intermediate pasteurisation |
UHT milk is produced in one step from raw milk, thus avoiding the energy needed for pasteurisation. |
(f) |
Multi-stage drying in powder production |
A spray-drying process is used in combination with a downstream dryer, e.g. fluidised bed dryer. |
(g) |
Precooling of ice-water |
When ice-water is used, the returning ice-water is precooled (e.g. with a plate heat exchanger), prior to final cooling in an accumulating ice-water tank with a coil evaporator. |
Main product (at least 80 % of the production) |
Unit |
Specific energy consumption (yearly average) |
Market milk |
MWh/tonne of raw materials |
0,1-0,6 |
Cheese |
0,10-0,22 (27) |
|
Powder |
0,2-0,5 |
|
Fermented milk |
0,2-1,6 |
4.2.
Water consumption and waste water discharge
Main product (at least 80 % of the production) |
Unit |
Specific waste water discharge (yearly average) |
Market milk |
m3/tonne of raw materials |
0,3-3,0 |
Cheese |
0,75-2,5 |
|
Powder |
1,2-2,7 |
4.3.
Waste
Technique |
Description |
|
Techniques related to the use of centrifuges |
||
(a) |
Optimised operation of centrifuges |
Operation of centrifuges according to their specifications to minimise the rejection of product. |
Techniques related to butter production |
||
(b) |
Rinsing of the cream heater with skimmed milk or water |
Rinsing of the cream heater with skimmed milk or water which is then recovered and reused, before the cleaning operations. |
Techniques related to ice cream production |
||
(c) |
Continuous freezing of ice cream |
Continuous freezing of ice cream using optimised start-up procedures and control loops that reduce the frequency of stoppages. |
Techniques related to cheese production |
||
(d) |
Minimisation of the generation of acid whey |
Whey from the manufacture of acid-type cheeses (e.g. cottage cheese, quark and mozzarella) is processed as quickly as possible to reduce the formation of lactic acid. |
(e) |
Recovery and use of whey |
Whey is recovered (if necessary using techniques such as evaporation or membrane filtration) and used, e.g. to produce whey powder, demineralised whey powder, whey protein concentrates or lactose. Whey and whey concentrates can also be used as animal feed or as a carbon source in a biogas plant. |
4.4.
Emissions to air
Technique |
Description |
Applicability |
|
(a) |
Bag filter |
See Section 14.2. |
May not be applicable to the abatement of sticky dust. |
(b) |
Cyclone |
Generally applicable. |
|
(c) |
Wet scrubber |
Parameter |
Unit |
BAT-AEL (average over the sampling period) |
Dust |
mg/Nm3 |
< 2-10 (28) |
5. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION
5.1.
Waste
Description
6. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR FISH AND SHELLFISH PROCESSING
6.1.
Water consumption and waste water discharge
Technique |
Description |
|
(a) |
Removal of fat and viscera by vacuum |
Use of vacuum suction instead of water to remove fat and viscera from the fish. |
(b) |
Dry transport of fat, viscera, skin and fillets |
Use of conveyors instead of water. |
6.2.
Emissions to air
Technique |
Description |
|
(a) |
Biofilter |
The waste gas stream is passed through a bed of organic material (such as peat, heather, root, tree bark, compost, softwood and different kinds of combinations) or some inert material (such as clay, activated carbon, and polyurethane), where organic (and some inorganic) components are transformed by naturally occurring microorganisms into carbon dioxide, water, other metabolites and biomass. |
(b) |
Thermal oxidation |
See Section 14.2. |
(c) |
Non-thermal plasma treatment |
|
(d) |
Wet scrubber |
See Section 14.2. An electrostatic precipitator is commonly used as a pre-treatment step. |
(e) |
Use of purified smoke |
Smoke generated from purified primary smoke condensates is used to smoke the product in a smoke chamber. |
Parameter |
Unit |
BAT-AEL (average over the sampling period) |
TVOC |
mg/Nm3 |
15–50 (29) (30) |
7. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR THE FRUIT AND VEGETABLE SECTOR
7.1.
Energy efficiency
Description
Specific process |
Unit |
Specific energy consumption (yearly average) |
Potato processing (excluding starch production) |
MWh/tonne of products |
1,0-2,1 (31) |
Tomato processing |
0,15-2,4 (32) (33) |
7.2.
Water consumption and waste water discharge
Specific process |
Unit |
Specific waste water discharge (yearly average) |
Potato processing (excluding starch production) |
m3/tonne of products |
4,0-6,0 (34) |
Tomato processing when water recycling is possible |
8,0-10,0 (35) |
8. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR GRAIN MILLING
8.1.
Energy efficiency
Unit |
Specific energy consumption (yearly average) |
MWh/tonne of products |
0,05-0,13 |
8.2.
Emissions to air
Description
Parameter |
Unit |
BAT-AEL (average over the sampling period) |
Dust |
mg/Nm3 |
< 2-5 |
9. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR MEAT PROCESSING
9.1.
Energy efficiency
Unit |
Specific energy consumption (yearly average) |
MWh/tonne of raw materials |
0,25-2,6 (36) (37) |
9.2.
Water consumption and waste water discharge
Unit |
Specific waste water discharge(yearly average) |
m3/tonne of raw materials |
1,5-8,0 (38) |
9.3.
Emissions to air
Technique |
Description |
|
(a) |
Adsorption |
Organic compounds are removed from a waste gas stream by retention on a solid surface (typically activated carbon). |
(b) |
Thermal oxidation |
See Section 14.2. |
(c) |
Wet scrubber |
See Section 14.2. An electrostatic precipitator is commonly used as a pretreatment step. |
(d) |
Use of purified smoke |
Smoke generated from purified primary smoke condensates is used to smoke the product in a smoke chamber. |
Parameter |
Unit |
BAT-AEL (average over the sampling period) |
TVOC |
mg/Nm3 |
3-50 (39) (40) |
10. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR OILSEED PROCESSING AND VEGETABLE OIL REFINING
10.1.
Energy efficiency
Description
Specific process |
Unit |
Specific energy consumption (yearly average) |
Integrated crushing and refining of rapeseeds and/or sunflower seeds |
MWh/tonne of oil produced |
0,45-1,05 |
Integrated crushing and refining of soybeans |
0,65-1,65 |
|
Stand-alone refining |
0,1-0,45 |
10.2.
Water consumption and waste water discharge
Specific process |
Unit |
Specific waste water discharge (yearly average) |
Integrated crushing and refining of rapeseeds and/or sunflower seeds |
m3/tonne of oil produced |
0,15-0,75 |
Integrated crushing and refining of soybeans |
0,8-1,9 |
|
Stand-alone refining |
0,15-0,9 |
10.3.
Emissions to air
Technique |
Description |
Applicability |
|
(a) |
Bag filter |
See Section 14.2. |
May not be applicable to the abatement of sticky dust. |
(b) |
Cyclone |
Generally applicable. |
|
(c) |
Wet scrubber |
Parameter |
Unit |
BAT-AEL (average over the sampling period) |
|
New plants |
Existing plants |
||
Dust |
mg/Nm3 |
< 2-5 (41) |
< 2-10 (41) |
10.4.
Hexane losses
Technique |
Description |
|
(a) |
Countercurrent flow of meal and steam in the desolventiser-toaster |
Hexane is removed from the hexane-laden meal in a desolventiser-toaster, involving a countercurrent flow of steam and meal. |
(b) |
Evaporation from the oil/hexane mixture |
Hexane is removed from the oil/hexane mixture using evaporators. The vapours from the desolventiser-toaster (steam/hexane mixture) are used to provide thermal energy in the first stage of the evaporation. |
(c) |
Condensation in combination with a mineral oil wet scrubber |
Hexane vapours are cooled to below their dew point so that they condense. Uncondensed hexane is absorbed in a scrubber using mineral oil as a scrubbing liquid for subsequent recovery. |
(d) |
Gravitational phase separation in combination with distillation |
Undissolved hexane is separated from the aqueous phase by means of a gravitational phase separator. Any residual hexane is distilled off by heating the aqueous phase to approximately 80-95 °C. |
Parameter |
Type of seeds or beans processed |
Unit |
BAT-AEL (yearly average) |
Hexane losses |
Soybeans |
kg/tonne of seeds or beans processed |
0,3-0,55 |
Rapeseeds and sunflower seeds |
0,2-0,7 |
11. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR SOFT DRINKS AND NECTAR/JUICE MADE FROM PROCESSED FRUIT AND VEGETABLES
11.1.
Energy efficiency
Technique |
Description |
Applicability |
|
(a) |
Single pasteuriser for nectar/juice production |
Use of one pasteuriser for both the juice and the pulp instead of using two separate pasteurisers. |
May not be applicable due to the pulp particle size. |
(b) |
Hydraulic sugar transportation |
Sugar is transported to the production process with water. As some of the sugar is already dissolved during the transportation, less energy is needed in the process for dissolving sugar. |
Generally applicable. |
(c) |
Energy-efficient homogeniser for nectar/juice production |
See BAT 21b. |
Unit |
Specific energy consumption (yearly average) |
MWh/hl of products |
0,01-0,035 |
11.2.
Water consumption and waste water discharge
Unit |
Specific waste water discharge (yearly average) |
m3/hl of products |
0,08-0,20 |
12. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR STARCH PRODUCTION
12.1.
Energy efficiency
Specific process |
Unit |
Specific energy consumption (yearly average) |
Potato processing for the production of native starch only |
MWh/tonne of raw materials (42) |
0,08-0,14 |
Maize and/or wheat processing for the production of native starch in combination with modified and/or hydrolysed starch |
0,65-1,25 (43) |
12.2.
Water consumption and waste water discharge
Specific process |
Unit |
Specific waste water discharge (yearly average) |
Potato processing for the production of native starch only |
m3/tonne of raw materials (44) |
0,4-1,15 |
Maize and/or wheat processing for the production of native starch in combination with modified and/or hydrolysed starch |
1,1-3,9 (45) |
12.3.
Emissions to air
Technique |
Description |
Applicability |
|
(a) |
Bag filter |
See Section 14.2. |
May not be applicable to the abatement of sticky dust. |
(b) |
Cyclone |
Generally applicable. |
|
(c) |
Wet scrubber |
Parameter |
Unit |
BAT-AEL (average over the sampling period) |
|
New plants |
Existing plants |
||
Dust |
mg/Nm3 |
< 2-5 (46) |
< 2-10 (46) |
13. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR SUGAR MANUFACTURING
13.1.
Energy efficiency
Technique |
Description |
Applicability |
|
(a) |
Pressing of beet pulp |
The beet pulp is pressed to a dry matter content of typically 25-32 wt-%. |
Generally applicable. |
(b) |
Indirect drying (steam drying) of beet pulp |
Drying of beet pulp by the use of superheated steam. |
May not be applicable to existing plants due to the need for a complete reconstruction of the energy facilities. |
(c) |
Solar drying of beet pulp |
Use of solar energy to dry beet pulp. |
May not be applicable due to local climatic conditions and/or lack of space. |
(d) |
Recycling of hot gases |
Recycling of hot gases (e.g. waste gases from the dryer, boiler or combined heat and power plant). |
Generally applicable. |
(e) |
Low-temperature (pre)drying of beet pulp |
Direct (pre)drying of beet pulp using drying gas, e.g. air or hot gas. |
Specific process |
Unit |
Specific energy consumption (yearly average) |
Sugar beet processing |
MWh/tonne of beets |
0,15-0,40 (47) |
13.2.
Water consumption and waste water discharge
Specific process |
Unit |
Specific waste water discharge (yearly average) |
Sugar beet processing |
m3/tonne of beets |
0,5-1,0 |
13.3.
Emissions to air
Technique |
Description |
Applicability |
|
(a) |
Use of gaseous fuels |
See Section 14.2. |
May not be applicable due to the constraints associated with the availability of gaseous fuels. |
(b) |
Cyclone |
Generally applicable. |
|
(c) |
Wet scrubber |
||
(d) |
Indirect drying (steam drying) of beet pulp |
See BAT 35b. |
May not be applicable to existing plants due to the need for a complete reconstruction of the energy facilities. |
(e) |
Solar drying of beet pulp |
See BAT 35c. |
May not be applicable due to local climatic conditions and/or lack of space. |
(f) |
Low-temperature (pre)drying of beet pulp |
See BAT 35e. |
Generally applicable. |
Parameter |
Unit |
BAT-AEL (average over the sampling period) |
Reference oxygen level (OR) |
Reference gas condition |
Dust |
mg/Nm3 |
5-100 |
16 vol-% |
No correction for water content |
Technique |
Description |
Applicability |
|
(a) |
Use of natural gas |
— |
May not be applicable due to the constraints associated with the availability of natural gas. |
(b) |
Wet scrubber |
See Section 14.2. |
Generally applicable. |
(c) |
Use of fuels with low sulphur content |
— |
Only applicable when natural gas is not available. |
Parameter |
Unit |
BAT-AEL (average over the sampling period) (48) |
Reference oxygen level (OR) |
Reference gas condition |
SOX |
mg/Nm3 |
30-100 |
16 vol-% |
No correction for water content |
14. DESCRIPTION OF TECHNIQUES
14.1.
Emissions to water
Technique |
Description |
Activated sludge process |
A biological process in which the microorganisms are maintained in suspension in the waste water and the whole mixture is mechanically aerated. The activated sludge mixture is sent to a separation facility from where the sludge is recycled to the aeration tank. |
Aerobic lagoon |
Shallow earthen basins for the biological treatment of waste water, the content of which is periodically mixed to allow oxygen to enter the liquid through atmospheric diffusion. |
Anaerobic contact process |
An anaerobic process in which waste water is mixed with recycled sludge and then digested in a sealed reactor. The water/sludge mixture is separated externally. |
Precipitation |
The conversion of dissolved pollutants into insoluble compounds by adding chemical precipitants. The solid precipitates formed are subsequently separated by sedimentation, air flotation, or filtration. Multivalent metal ions (e.g. calcium, aluminium, iron) are used for phosphorus precipitation. |
Coagulation and flocculation |
Coagulation and flocculation are used to separate suspended solids from waste water and are often carried out in successive steps. Coagulation is carried out by adding coagulants with charges opposite to those of the suspended solids. Flocculation is carried out by adding polymers, so that collisions of microfloc particles cause them to bond to produce larger flocs. |
Equalisation |
Balancing of flows and pollutant loads by using tanks or other management techniques. |
Enhanced biological phosphorus removal |
A combination of aerobic and anaerobic treatment to selectively enrich polyphosphate-accumulating microorganisms in the bacterial community within the activated sludge. These microorganisms take up more phosphorus than is required for normal growth. |
Filtration |
The separation of solids from waste water by passing it through a porous medium, e.g. sand filtration, microfiltration and ultrafiltration. |
Flotation |
The separation of solid or liquid particles from waste water by attaching them to fine gas bubbles, usually air. The buoyant particles accumulate at the water surface and are collected with skimmers. |
Membrane bioreactor |
A combination of activated sludge treatment and membrane filtration. Two variants are used: a) an external recirculation loop between the activated sludge tank and the membrane module; and b) immersion of the membrane module in the aerated activated sludge tank, where the effluent is filtered through a hollow fibre membrane, with the biomass remaining in the tank. |
Neutralisation |
The adjustment of the pH of waste water to a neutral level (approximately 7) by the addition of chemicals. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is generally used to increase the pH, whereas sulphuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl) or carbon dioxide (CO2) is generally used to decrease the pH. The precipitation of some substances may occur during neutralisation. |
Nitrification and/or denitrification |
A two-step process that is typically incorporated into biological waste water treatment plants. The first step is the aerobic nitrification where microorganisms oxidise ammonium (NH4 +) to the intermediate nitrite (NO2 -), which is then further oxidised to nitrate (NO3 -). In the subsequent anoxic denitrification step, microorganisms chemically reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas. |
Partial nitritation — Anaerobic ammonium oxidation |
A biological process that converts ammonium and nitrite into nitrogen gas under anaerobic conditions. In waste water treatment, anaerobic ammonium oxidation is preceded by a partial nitrification (i.e. nitritation) that converts about half of the ammonium (NH4 +) into nitrite (NO2 -). |
Phosphorus recovery as struvite |
Phosphorus is recovered by precipitation in the form of struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate). |
Sedimentation |
The separation of suspended particles by gravitational settling. |
Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process |
An anaerobic process in which waste water is introduced at the bottom of the reactor from where it flows upward through a sludge blanket composed of biologically formed granules or particles. The waste water phase passes into a settling chamber where the solid content is separated; the gases are collected in domes at the top of the reactor. |
14.2.
Emissions to air
Technique |
Description |
Bag filter |
Bag filters, often referred to as fabric filters, are constructed from porous woven or felted fabric through which gases are passed to remove particles. The use of a bag filter requires the selection of a fabric suitable for the characteristics of the waste gas and the maximum operating temperature. |
Cyclone |
Dust control system based on centrifugal force, whereby heavier particles are separated from the carrier gas. |
Non-thermal plasma treatment |
Abatement technique based on creating a plasma (i.e. an ionised gas consisting of positive ions and free electrons in proportions resulting in more or less no overall electric charge) in the waste gas by using a strong electrical field. The plasma oxidises organic and inorganic compounds. |
Thermal oxidation |
The oxidation of combustible gases and odorants in a waste gas stream by heating the mixture of contaminants with air or oxygen to above its auto-ignition point in a combustion chamber and maintaining it at a high temperature long enough to complete its combustion to carbon dioxide and water. |
Use of gaseous fuels |
Switching from the combustion of a solid fuel (e.g. coal) to the combustion of a gaseous fuel (e.g. natural gas, biogas) that is less harmful in terms of emissions (e.g. low sulphur content, low ash content or better ash quality). |
Wet scrubber |
The removal of gaseous or particulate pollutants from a gas stream via mass transfer to a liquid solvent, often water or an aqueous solution. It may involve a chemical reaction (e.g. in an acid or alkaline scrubber). In some cases, the compounds may be recovered from the solvent. |